The present paper studies Numeral classifiers in Persian. A Numeral classifier is a morpheme which follows numbers and makes the counted entity countable or measurable; or else, it may classify them in terms of their features such as shape, animacy, etc. Two chief groups of classifiers have been distinguished in the present study. First, there are quantitative classifiers which are used as enumeration units together with uncountable nouns. They are necessary for the semantic interpretation of the noun phrase; e.g. glass in two glasses of milk. In fact, these classifiers act as measurement terms, have no particular semantic relation with the counted entity and can be quite various. On the other hand, there are category classifiers which classify the counted entity in different groups based on their features such as humanness, shape, etc. These classifiers are limited in number, are not necessary for the semantic interpretation of the noun phrase and are often related to the shape of the counted entity; e.g. halgheh (circle) in do halgheh chah (two circles of well i.e. two wells). The analysis of modern Persian data indicates that the latter classifiers are rarely used, and the current tendency in written formal Persian is to delete such items. In spoken mode, however, the general classifier “ta” which is used for countable nouns is extensively common.

In the formulaic phrase aivam parū vnā m xš ā yaθ iyam, which is repeated in the beginning of a number of inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, all scholars have supposed aivam as a Numeral pre-modifier and translated the phrase as “ one king of manyˮ . However, exact examination of the syntagmatic relationship of parts of this phrase and its comparison with the phrases such as haya Dā rayava um xš ā yaθ iyam akunauš “ who made Darius kingˮ , explicitly indicates that in the above-mentioned formulaic phrase, the verb, i. e. akunauš , has been deleted; in other words, the structure of the phrase was originally as aivam parū vnā m xš ā yaθ iyam (akunauš ). The present article deals with defining the syntactic role of aivam and xš ā yaθ iyam and justifying the syntactic role of paruvnā m. It has been also attempted to show by citing evidence from Avestan and Old Persian texts that, contrary to the common notion, aivam is not a Numeral pre-modifier but it is an unspecified adjective which has been used as direct object of the factitive verb (i. e. akunauš ), and the xš ā yaθ iyam is its predicate, so the phrase can be safely translated as “ who made one (person), king of manyˮ .

This study implemented the hand gesture digit recognition function by using the Kinect motion sensor. This interactive motion-sensing technology was employed to track, record, and convert the trajectories of handwritten Numerals in space into corresponding shapes of digits on the plane. Subsequently, the feature matching method was used to achieve digit recognition. In the recognition process, first binarization and Hilditch thinning algorithm were performed on the region for recognition, and the segmentation algorithm proposed by G.E.M.D.C. Bandara etc. was used to perform segmentation of the region after thinning. This paper proposes the improvement of the conditions of the arc type of the discriminant to achieve feature extraction and enhance the digit recognition rate.

Timche is the symbol of Irans`Architecture masters. It's considered as a reflection or presentation of Iranian art parade. The originality concealed in its chronic structure, refers to the tale of Iran's extensive culture. Considering the undeniable dependence of Timche on commercial situations of bazzar through the history, expecting a steady presence of Timche as a commercial building is obviously logical. Herein, travel accounts and historical documents could be a good proof of the subject. But, despite the stagnancy of the Iranian culture in Ghajarid era, in all economic, social and other aspects, and in spite of the insufficiency, existing in the reign, we can express that the architecture of Timche, as a covered place in the Iranian bazaar, built for offering more valuable stuffs, is considered as the most astonishing masterpiece of public architecture ever built in Iranian economic textures. During this period, a high variety of Timche patterns, created by Iranian architecture masters. One of the main reasons of this magnificence could be the increase in the importation of foreign goods during the first half of Ghajarid era. This could make the Iranian Timche as a field of competition between different foreigner merchants, which could as well influence the prosperity of Timche, especially in the first half of Ghajarid era. Considering the lack of researches on this subject, this paper tries to peruse the change in proportional and Numeral systems of Iranian Timche, based on time and climate variables. In the first place, the samples' Numeral traits as: Coincidence of symmetry axes in Timche and Sara, Parallel symmetry axes in Timche and its chambers and the connection of Timche with Sara and Bazaar are studied. Besides, dimensions and the proportion of 12 Timche samples, picked from 6 Iranian cities, (Ghazvin, Arak, Tabriz, Kashan, Esfehan and Yazd) are analyzed. The samples are equally chosen from two different climatic regions (Hot and dry, Cold and dry) and two half of Ghajarid era. (1815-1892) and (1892-1969). In fact, the fluency and unique process of Iran`s art and architecture disrupted in the period after Mohammad shah, due to blindly imitation of the western culture. The situation aggravated at the time of Naser-E-Din shah. Concerning the mentioned events, the authors of this article considered the halves of Ghajarid era as a momentous factor influencing the architecture of Timche as well. Statistical analyses considering (Pvalue<0.05), shows a meaningful difference in reduction of the dimensions in the second half of Ghajarid era. Considering that the 6 samples chosen from the first half of Ghajarid reign are of the cold and dry climate, we expected the dimensions of this period to be less than the second half chosen-samples of hot and dry regions. This opposition shows the weak relative status of climate and Numeral factors in design of the Iranian timche in ghajarid era. Proofing that the reduction is not directly related to the climatic changes, we can concern the bad economic and social status in the second half of Ghajarid era as resulted in diminution of the dimensions as well. 

In this paper, we investigate the syntactic role of Numeral classifiers inside the DPs of Kalhori Kurdish as a classifier language. As a complement of the Numeral head, classifiers are used with countable nouns, so that its functional projection (CLP) is placed below weak quantifier phrase (WQP) and above number phrase (NumP). To describe the function of this element, we first represent the models of Chierchia (1998), Borer (2005) and Gebhardt (2009) as the three dominant models in this regard and through the description of Kalhori Kurdish Numeral classifiers, we also examine these models adequacy across these new data. According to chierchia’s model, in classifier languages, the denotation of nouns is uniformly mass. Consequently, because of the absence of plurals, a classifier is needed to individuate masses into individuals. mass/count distinction of nouns and plural morphology in Kurdish and optionality of classifiers prove that Chierchia’s idea is not applicable to Kurdish data. Borer (2005) refers to the general complementary distribution between Numeral classifiers and number morphology and believes that the role of both number morphology and classifiers is to individuate nouns. Because of the simultaneous presence of classifiers and plural morphemes in the same DP in the language under study, the efficacy of this model is also rejected in describing the data of this language. At last, following Gebhardt’s feature-based model, we consider that the Numeral classifiers have some features such as [abs q] and [indiv] and plural morphemes have the more specific [group] feature, in addition to specifying the classifiers function, using these features, we are able to describe their distribution inside Kurdish DPs as well.

In this paper, Numeral and experimental analysis of composite metal vessel is investigated under variable pressure loading. For this purpose, a sample of multi section cylindrical vessel is considered. The pizo electric 1000 bars sensors are used to measure pressure. The sensors are installed in the holes on the metal cylindrical vessel. The amplification parts are used to adjust sensors. The test is done under dynamic loading. The results are recorded by data logers in pressure-time chart. The aim of this study is to optimize the weight and strength of the vessel with using trial and error by Numeral analysis inverse explosive loading. For this, a sample of multi section cylindrical vessel is analyzed with abaqus finite element software. The load in the vessel is derived by charts from experimental tests. The load obtained from experimental tests as a dynamic load is analyzed and compared with metal vessel and metal composite vessel. The results obtained from abaqus finite element software discuss a different case. Finally, geometric and material properties of liner and composite are suggested for optimization of the weight and strength of the vessel.

The important retail of ostorlab is moghantarat or parabola round, the design and calculating of that is unintelligible and proficiency  and indeed the correct of work and value of maker is similar to an analogue pc, its depend on delicacy design of these pages. On designing of these pages, interpolation a different variation that one of them is drawing the diverse of geography width zone. For this thing have a several choice one of them is drawing, must be doing 2 stage for calculating that declare in this article.

Increasing soil pollution due to heavy metals is a major concern of present day soil research. This study conducted to know intensity and spatial pattern of soil heavy metals pollution in a 10, 000 ha area of Anguran region near Zanjan. A number of 315 surface (0-10 cm) samples collected at nodes of a 500 meter equilateral grid. Beside HNO3-extracted Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn content, EC, pH, OC and CaCO3 of the samples were determined. To classify data in taxonomic space, a fuzzy c-means with extragrades clustering algorithm ran on the data using several fuzziness exponents (F). Plausible fuzzy clusters obtained F=1.3. To find eight as the optimal number of classes from a 2-10 assemblage, fuzziness validation functions F, H, and S were used. Scrutiny of class centroids and membership values revealed that though number of variables was not numerous, the algorithm clustered data sensitively. Spatial distribution of classes mapped through geostatistical analysis of membership values. Though extragrade class embraced extreme values, still all centroids of regular classes showed severe pollution. Most polluted classes C, E, F and H located at center to southeast, while A, B, D and G covered northern and western parts of the study area. Extragrade class widely spread in the area that confirmed interspersed outliers among all others. Major part of extragrade class lied across southeastern part of the area. Results of the study showed that numerical classification of soil pollution is rather realistic, thus provides a pragmatic approach to the problem.

Stress and strain around underground spaces in reality are three dimension. Therefore, in order to analyze the stress and displacement around underground spaces, 3D methods should be applied. In this investigation, stability analyzing of Shibli tunnel is used to comparing between 2D and 3D analyze. Shibli tunnel is a double track railway tunnel, will excavate in the Shibli region. The rock type of tunnel consists of an alternation of shaley limestone and Cretaceous conglomerate. Flac, and Flac3D codes are applied for stability analysis of the tunnel. Further, a hazard warning level was defined using Sakuraii's critical strain and for estimating stability of the tunnel, displacements around tunnel are compared with that of the hazard warning level. According to the results of 2D and 3D analysis, in weak rocks, if the effect of advancing face is considered in numerical modeling and the tunnel is open-ended, displacements in 3D model will be more than displacements in 2D model.